Beethoven the Greatest Composer of All Time. - 1267 Words

â€Å"The instrumental music of the German composer Ludwig van Beethoven forms a peak in the development of tonal music and is one of the crucial evolutionary developments in the history of music as a whole.† ~ Unknown Mozart aside, Ludwig van Beethoven is the most famous classical composer of the western world. Beethoven is remembered for his powerful and stormy compositions, and for continuing to compose and conduct even after he began to go deaf at age 28. The ominous four-note beginning to his Fifth Symphony is one of the most famous moments in all of music. He wrote nine numbered symphonies in all. Beethoven never married. After his death his friends found letters to a lover he called Immortal Beloved, whose identity has never†¦show more content†¦In 1812, however, he wrote a passionate love-letter to an ‘Eternally Beloved’, but the letter was never sent. With his powerful and expansive middle-period works, which include the Pastoral Symphony, Symphonies nos.7 and 8, Piano Concertos nos.4, and 5 and the Violin Concerto, as well as more chamber works and piano sonatas. Beethoven was firmly established as the greatest composer of his time. His piano-playing career had finished in 1808. That year he had considered leaving Vienna for a secure post in Germany, but three Viennese noblemen had banded together to provide him with a steady income and he remained there, although the plan foundered in the ensuing Napoleonic wars in which his patrons suffered and the value of Austrian money declined. The years after 1812 were relatively unproductive. He seems to have been seriously depressed, by his deafness and the resulting isolation, by the failure of his marital hopes and by anxieties over the custodianship of the son of his late brother, which involved him in legal actions. But he came out of these trials to write his profoundest music, which surely reflects something of what he had been through. There are seven piano sonatas in this, his ‘late period’, including the turbulent ‘Hammerklavier’ op.106, with its dynamic writing and its harsh, rebarbative fugue, and op.110, which also has fugues and much eccentric writing at the Show MoreRelatedJohann Van Beethoven And The Greatest Composer Of All Time955 Words   |  4 PagesTest Part 1 Beethoven Due 11/19/14 Ludwig Van Beethoven lived a very complex life. When Beethoven was a young boy he suffered the abuse of his alcoholic father. He later lost who he thought to be â€Å"the only one who ever loved him†, along with his hearing which due to his passion for music made him feel less important. Beethoven went through struggle after struggle making a name for himself. But despite all of the heartache and despair in his life his music overcame it all. Beethoven used his musicalRead MoreThe Greatest Composer Of All Time1281 Words   |  6 Pagesgreat composer, but Beethoven is the greatest composer of all time. Everyone has heard the name Beethoven before. Why is he one of the greatest composer of all time? The answer is easy. He influenced so many composer after he died. Just like how Michael Jackson influenced other artistes when he passed away. He made a huge impacted during the classical period and to world. His music were influenced into the next centuries, and he’s con sidered the best composer of all time. Ludwig Van Beethoven wasRead MoreThe Life And Works Of Ludwig Van Beethoven1016 Words   |  5 PagesLudwig van Beethoven What you are, you are by accident of birth; what I am, I am by myself. There are and will be a thousand princes; there is only one Beethoven (Beethoven, Favorite Classical Composers). This quote by Ludwig van Beethoven shows just how confident of a composer he was. When people to day think of Beethoven they may think of some of his famous works such as Missa solemnis, his Ninth Symphony, or his Pastoral Symphony. Other people may see Beethoven as a deaf composer who lived aRead MoreThe Greatest Composer Of All Time1386 Words   |  6 Pageswell-known composers, but Beethoven is the greatest composer of all time. Everyone has heard the name Beethoven before. Why is he one of the greatest composer of all time? The answer is easy. He influenced so many composers after he died. Just like how Michael Jackson influenced other artists when he passed away. He made a huge impacted during the classical period and to the world. His music was influenced into the next centuries, and he is cons idered to be the best composer of all time. Ludwig VanRead MoreThe Greatest Composer Of All Time1393 Words   |  6 PagesComposer and Pianist, Ludwig Van Beethoven, who is universally considered the greatest composer of all time was born in December of 1770 into a modest family in a small German town called Bonn. Beethoven got his name from his late Flemish grandfather who was a bass player at court and then in 1761 he became maestro of the chapel (Iulian Munteanu, Onesti, Romania). During his short years of living in his hometown Bonn, he studied a wide variety of compositions and played the piano and viola. BeethovenRead MoreThe Works Of William Shakespeare s Beethoven 1260 Words   |  6 PagesHowever, his one opera would have to be at the top of the list. Fidelio was the only opera Beethoven wrote. Not only was it his only opera, but he rewrote it three times with at least â€Å"four different overtures† (Hanning 378). If this does not show Beethoven’s quality is his work then what does? He wanted this o pera to be absolutely perfect, and it was fantastic! Not only were the music and words great, but Beethoven made sure to have a strong plot line to back it up. â€Å"Beethoven’s music transforms thisRead MoreLudwig Van Beethoven, Pianist And Composer1197 Words   |  5 Pages10-15-14 Ludwig Van Beethoven Ludwig Van Beethoven, a widely known pianist and composer, was born on about December 16, 1770 in Bonn, Germany. He was baptized on December 17, 1770. The actual date of his birth is unknown, but because most babies were baptized within 24 hours of birth, December 16 was his most likely birthdate. Beethoven, however, insisted that he was born 2 years later. Although he was presented with official papers of his birth, he still stubbornly objected. Beethoven had two youngerRead More Ludwig Van Beethoven Essay1285 Words   |  6 Pages German composer and pianist, Ludwig van Beethoven, was born December 1770 and spent most of his life in Vienna, Austria. His first teacher was his alcoholic father, who worked as a musician at the Court of Bonn. Teaching him day and night, Ludwig suffered from his fathers harsh and erratic behavior. For a time, he and his father played at the Church. As his fathers alcoholism increased, Ludwig became the main musician. Beethovens talents were discovered at an early age, and he was sentRead MoreLudwig Van Beethovens Life and Accomplishments Essay898 Words   |  4 Pages Ludwig Van Beethoven was born on December 16, 1770 in Bonn, Germany and he died on March 26, 1827 in Vienna Austria. Beethoven’s music is mostly associated with the classical era because that is when he crafted most of his greatest works. Beethoven’s father and grandfather were both musicians that played at Court of Elector of Cologne. Beethoven’s main instrument that he played was the piano. He was taught by his father how to play the piano. His father was very strict on him, and sometimes heRead MoreLudwig Van Beethoven1210 Words   |  5 Pagesof a Legend Ludwig van Beethoven, also known as The General of Musicians, was born on December 16, 1770. However, this date is not exact because it is believed that Beethovens father lied about his sons age in order to portray him as an infant prodigy. As a result, Beethoven is convinced he was born on December 16, 1772 at the Rheingasse home, which belonged to the Fischers, who were close friends of the family (Orga 8). Johann van and Maria Magdalena Beethoven bore five children of which

Ecosystem Management of the Laurentian Great Lakes Free Essays

Management of the Laurent Great Lakes Common among models implemented in environmental management is the driver-pressure-state-response concept. This type of model uses Indicators to quantify and simplify changes occurring in natural systems. Changes in the environment, according to this model, all originate from human activity which exert pressure or stress on the system. We will write a custom essay sample on Ecosystem Management of the Laurentian Great Lakes or any similar topic only for you Order Now This model attempts to solve environmental crisis by determining the human activity creating the problem and responding to change with environmental and economic policies. In the 1 9705, Environment Canada reposed a model similar to this called the state-pressure-response model, that would be used to mediate environmental issues emerging throughout the Laurent Great Lakes ecosystems. At this time, the Great Lakes faced a number of ecosystem threats stemming from the mismanagement of fisheries, Industry and farming both in Canada and in the united States. Decision makers determined that a state- pressure-response model would more efficient in tackling the sheer number of environmental issues faced at the time, as this type of model focuses on handling specific Issues already present. Although this model was useful In reducing pressures by enforcing stricter environmental policies, it fails to consider environmental change over time. It also fails to recognize the ecosystem as a whole as it targets each individual issue separately, giving no consideration as to how one Issue may be affecting or creating another. State-pressure-response models simply look at environmental Issues already present, there is no degree of attempting to prevent and control environmental stress. Disregarding the possibility of environment change, and ignoring basic ecosystem concepts, creates greater issues hat will only continue to grow as climate change and population growth add more stress to the lakes. Since the sass’s, prevent-control models have proven to be more effective in eradicating and decreasing issues present in the environment. For this reason, although a state-pressure- response model was successful in diminishing major ecological concerns of the Laurent Great Lakes in the sass’s, a more holistic, prevent-control model Is needed to respond to present and future ecological concerns. Current Great Lake environmental management strategies assume the lake ecosystems are static not dynamic. Over the past thirty years of management, this assumption has lead to ramifications which will only continue to worsen as climate change Is expected to pose new threats and changes to the environment. The degradation of wetlands in and around the Great Lakes is one of the ramifications of this assumption. Wetlands are the interface between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, therefore, management strategies must acknowledge environmental changes occurring In both ecosystems. Since the 1 9705, the Increase In alarm temperature, frequency and duration of water level changes, and the increase of inconsideration (Mortars, 2004). Without standardized analytical monitoring of environmental change, issues within Great Lake wetlands with only continue to emerge (Environment Canada Report, 2005). Ignorance to dynamic ecosystem concepts have also lead to the increase of reconciling pesticides in some areas (Environment Canada Report, 2005). This reinforces the need for monitoring environmental change rather than focusing only on issues present during the time the model is put into action. Looking into the future, the state-pressure-response model, which assumes lunatic stationary, will render inadequate as new issues emerge from climate change and arbitration. If governments continue to use a state-pressure-response model for the management of the lakes, many environmental changes will go undocumented and untreated, see Figure 1 in Appendix (Macdonald, 2009). Numerous studies have predicted that climate change is expected to significantly decrease water levels in lakes and streams throughout North America (Michele, 2007). Decreasing water levels in the Great Lakes will increase their vulnerability to toxic contaminates (Valiant, 2008). It would be greatly beneficial for environmental management models to already begin taking into account and monitoring these changes to lessen the effects of climate change. Stricter environmental policies for industries and farming practices should already be in consideration to prevent environmental concerns in the future. The environmental regulations that will need to be enforced will require much thought as well, such as debates over using a cap and trade or other emissions cutback strategies to lessen industry emissions if is required. The sooner these issues are dealt with, the more equipped decision makers will be at solving future crises. Other future concerns pertaining to the increase of arbitration around the lakes, primarily Lake Ontario, will be another negative environmental factor needing monitoring and acknowledgement of ecosystem change. With arbitration it is expected that natural vegetation will be removed and replaced with impermeable concrete surfaces which allow water to flow directly into river channels, increasing sedimentation and pollutants in runoff (Foote, 1996). Sedimentation describes the process of depositing sediment or gravel. An increase in this process will have effects felt by the entire ecosystem. Domestic water supply will be contaminated and suspended sediment will have adverse effects on the growth of aquatic plant life as it decreases the light which is able to penetrate the water (UNESCO, 2011). Fish breeding grounds and feeding zones will also be effected by an increase in suspended sediment, thus threatening fish populations. Another issue with arbitration will be the swell in atmospheric contaminates from industries, and increase in carbon dioxide from transportation use (Science Daily, 2008). Both environmental concerns will need to be monitored and regulated if governments are o establish efficient and effective environmental management strategies for the future. Before arbitration and climate change present astronomical environmental issues, governments need to consider models which recognize the environment as being in a constant state of change which will encourage critical monitoring of the lakes. Another consideration is the use of a holistic model, quite unlike the model sass’s, when management decisions were being made on the Great Lakes, State of the Great Lakes Conference (SOLES) developed an indicators utilizing framework to identify major concerns of the lakes at the time, see Figure 2 in Appendix (Mitchell, 2004). The issue with using indicators to indemnify environmental problems is that it ignores the complex relationships within the ecosystem. Earlier approaches to ecosystem management examined organisms in their ecosystem context, this was later altered to the study of an entire local system with all of its biochemistry (Mitchell, 2004). SOLES has failed to adapt the new method of ecosystem management which better explains, what and why things are happening in the ecosystem. In the early sass’s, excessive recreational boating activity and shipping on the lakes lead to the introduction of a handful of invasive species. The most ecologically harmful being invasive species Addressed polymorph (zebra mussels), which has eliminated the native clam population in Lake Ontario, see Figure 3 in Appendix (Griffith, 1991). Following the state-pressure-response model, it was identified that ballast water discharge from transoceanic vessels was a major contributor to this problem. However, it was not until later that scientists began to notice the effect of this population on that of the native clam (Olden, 2008). This proves that the disconnect of species to species interaction assumed in the model will only result in unpredicted, complex ecological concerns which arise at a later time (Height et al, 2006). It is clear that an essential tool for lake management, are models that describe in detail the lake ecosystem which studies both species and human interaction and species to species interaction. Typically with indicator utilizing frameworks, like that of the state-pressure- response model, environmental management efforts are enforced only when an issues present themselves as a larger problem. In lake ecosystems, the alteration of water quality due to pollution tends to have a multiplying effect, as toxic activity accumulates over time (Ultras, 2005). Since state-pressure-response models do not exist without indicators, it is only until there is a larger scale ecosystem consequence that environmental investigation is undertaken. Once investigation begins, indemnifying the pressure or effect creating an issue is complex, and thus, additional time is taken before any action is seen to mediate the problem. Essentially, this model waits for a problem to reach crisis portions before action is taken (Berger, 997). In some cases, environmental responses to human activity cannot be linked to specific stresses (Berger, 1997). This is especially true when targeting point and non- point source pollution. Point and non-point source are the categories which define the main types of pollution. The first being a single identifiable localized source and the second source generally unidentifiable, such as runoff from farmland. In some areas of Lake Ontario, there are hundreds of industries and farms bordering the shoreline. Their by-products (being emissions and runoff inputs to the system are official to identify, and it becomes impossible in some cases to then identify the cause (Berger, 1997). However, the purpose of the state-pressure-response model is to recognize the source and create environmental policies to control the problem. If the source is not found, this will not happen and the problem will continue to grow. Therefore, ecosystem management models need to achieve some degree of rather than unanswered problems. Prevent-control models are needed if current and future ecological concerns of the Great Lakes are to be handled intelligently and in a time appropriate manner. Over the past twenty years, there has been a nationwide use of prevent-control models, which operate quite differently than state-pressure-response models. Prevent-control models are aimed to reduce the amount of environmental issues that arise by diligent monitoring of systems and science inspired decision making. An excellent example of this type of model is the prevention of the spread of the southern pine beetle in western Canada. In some areas, a direct control and preventative management practice requiring the removal of tree stands, known as a cut and remove, have been used (Billings et al, 2007). Although this type of method squires quite accurate and risky decision making, the difference between this model and the state-pressure-response model is astronomical in terms of maintaining ecosystem integrity. The application of a prevent and control model has been used around the Great Lakes area in efforts of counteracting the spread of non-native species from the Great Lakes into other watersheds (Cook and Williamsburg, 2001). This model is known as an on-the-ground management, meaning that there is extensive monitoring at these water bodies. This type of management is dependent upon a detailed understanding of ecosystem dynamics. Scientists first determine if a site is viable for a colony to reach, and then examines it’s possible success and impact potential. Thus far, this model have been successful in controlling the spread of the hundreds of non-native species from the Great Lakes into its neighboring water systems. This model can easily be adapted into the management of the Great Lakes. Although this type of model requires an extraordinary amount of effort from the scientific community, the expertise are already there and the environmental benefits would be well worth the effort. Human pressure on the Great Lakes is quite extensive, ND a result, lake ecosystems are unable to operate in a self-sustaining manner due to the interference or changes that exceed their capacity for self-repair (Ultras, 2005). It is essential that models in effect prevent and control environmental issues of the Great Lake to ensure irreversible damage is avoided, even if this means more funding towards monitoring and scientific expertise. To mange present and future environmental concerns of the Great Lakes, decision makers must discard the old pressure-state-response model and replace it with a holistic, prevent-control model. These types of models encourage strategic, analytical monitoring that will solve many issues in the management of the Great Lakes faced today, with the current state-pressure-response method. Monitoring ensures the documentation of ecosystem changes which will be important in the future for determining climate change effects. 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Air Pollution in the Los Angeles Basin Sample Essay Example For Students

Air Pollution in the Los Angeles Basin Sample Essay Budget Travel Magazine late conducted a study to place the top 10 most popular travel finishs in the universe. Amongst metropoliss including Paris. Rome. and Tokyo stands Los Angeles at figure six. Surprising? To locals possibly. but a bulk of the universe views Los Angeles as a glamourous metropolis ; place to Hollywood. famous persons. and. of class. Disneyland. Travelers are taken aback when they become cognizant of the terrible degrees of air pollution in the ambiance of the Los Angeles Basin. Throughout the 20th century and into present twenty-four hours. the Los Angeles Basin. the country incorporating the metropolis of Los Angeles every bit good as its adjacent suburbs. has developed one of the worst instances of air pollution in the universe. Society has developed an intense trust on the combustion of fossil fuels. ensuing in a thick accretion of chemicals from nursery gases in the ambiance. In order to cut down pollutant construct up and reconstruct the ambiance. the populat ion of Los Angeles must diminish its demand for and usage of fossil fuels by change overing to renewable energy beginnings. following rigorous statute law sing emanation control. and changing personal wonts to take a â€Å"greener† life style. Before Los Angeles ( LA ) was an American metropolis. the country was under Spanish and Mexican regulation for a long period of clip. Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo. a Portuguese-born adventurer. claimed the country of southern California for the Spanish Empire in 1542. The Mexican people achieved independency from the Spanish Empire in 1821. However. Mexican regulation rapidly ended due to the Mexican–American War in 1846 ( â€Å"The Early Settlement of Los Angeles. † n. d. ) . Once apart of the United States. LA began to transform into what it is today. The building of railwaies across the state made LA more accessible and started an addition in population. The find of oil besides prompted a growing in population. By the early twentieth century. LA became a centre of oil production. This served as a accelerator to the start of urbanisation and industrialisation of the West seashore. Today. the metropolis of LA is place to about four million people ( â€Å"State and County Q uickfacts. † 2011 ) . doing LA the 2nd largest population centre in the United States. The full LA basin. nevertheless. is about 17. 500 km2 with a entire population of 16 million ( Chow. 2004 ) . LA’s big population size is an of import constituent sing the area’s heavy air pollution. There are many grounds why LA has such a high population. LA County is a cardinal location for many large concerns and corporations. Resulting in a big demand for business communities and businesswomen. Hollywood. beaches. museums. amusement Parkss. and other attractive forces make for one of the biggest tourer industries in the state. The touristry industry supplies an copiousness of occupations. and is hence a ground people live in the country. Not to advert the gratifying Mediterranean clime and premier location are major inducements for people to populate in the LA country. On the other manus. the geographics and clime of LA are besides a conducive factors as to why LA’s air is so contaminated. Harmonizing to the article â€Å"Los Angeles ; Traffic and Smog† . the surrounding mountains. remission inversions. and high solar strength produce ideal conditions for the atmospheric stagnancy conductive to pollutant reaction and buildup in LA. Besides. â€Å"the air circulation form allows air pollutants to construct up in the air shed until the transition of a new conditions front† ( Chow. 1996 ) . leting pollutants to linger above the basin for long periods of clip. In order to turn to the job of pollutant buildup. one must cognize where the pollutants are coming from. There are a figure of beginnings. both point and non-point. of pollutants in LA. Coal-fired power workss and motor vehicles spew out most of the nation’s N oxide ( Bes . Rogalski. A ; Warminski. 2008 ) . In LA. autos and other motor vehicles are the primary beginning of the city’s ill-famed smog-primarily ozone. In fact. 76 per centum of the entire air pollution is attributable to mobile beginnings ( â€Å"Los Angeles ; Traffic and Smog. † 1994 ) . Motor vehicles produce pollutants like C monoxide. nitrogen oxide. and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. which are of much concern to car applied scientists ( Pearson. 2001 ) . Another outs tanding beginning of pollutants is coal-black engine fumess. This supplies for 12 per centum of air toxins ( Cass. Hannigan. A ; Harley. 1992 ) . These pollutants are harmful to the human organic structure and dramatically diminish the degree of air quality. Growth and alteration in engineering has resulted in an addition in the degree of air toxins. Since the Industrial revolution. worlds have been adding green house gases in inordinate sums to the ambiance. Throughout the 20th century. society has become more dependent on new types of machinery doing an addition in the combustion of fossil fuels. This dependance has continued into the present twenty-four hours. The U. S. increased its ammonium hydroxide emanations by 27 per centum from 1970 to 2005. harmonizing to a 2009 paper in the diary Environmental Science A ; Technology ( â€Å"Los Angeles ; Traffic and Smog. † 1994 ) . But why should we be concerned with the addition in gases and air toxins? These gases increase the nursery consequence. ensuing in the phenomenon known as â€Å"global heating. † The addition in nursery gases has the possible to do ruinou s jobs for Earth and the lives on it ( Lovgren. 2004 ) . There is an eternal list of both minor and highly serious wellness effects of air toxins. Unfortunately. kids are particularly vulnerable due to increased susceptibleness as their lungs develop and their organic structures grow. Pearson ( 2001 ) provinces in his book â€Å"chemical onslaught of lung tissue can for good impair tissue. † ensuing in chemical bronchitis and an addition in asthma instances. Already the prevalence of reported asthma. particularly among kids. has risen dramatically in the United States over the past 20 old ages ( â€Å"Pollution in Los Angeles County. † n. d. ) . In the 2012 Environmental Health Legislation. writers Farquhar and Noble place air toxins as important subscribers to wellness jobs such as concerns. pharynx annoyance. heavy metal poisoning. encephalon and kidney harm. and even malignant neoplastic disease. If spiels of increasing nursery gases continue. these wellness conditions will decline and ensue in more terminal diagnosings. Smog and haze are besides serious effects produced from nursery gas emanations. The geographics of the LA Basin allows for smog and haze to stay in the ambiance of the metropolis. The think bed of smog and haze creates visibleness damages throughout the metropolis. This is easy recognized by anyone who visits or resides in LA. Combustion related atoms are to fault for the debasement in visibleness ( Chow. 2004 ) . Besides. â€Å"smog was attributed to the deceases of 50 % of trees in nearby countries. † ( Su. 2002 ) . Trees are needed in order to cut down degrees of CO2 in the air. If smog continues to kill trees. the sum of air toxins will quickly increase even more. Miss Argumentative EssayThe Clean Air Act of 1990 is another authorities effort to cut down air pollution. The emanation controls of the three-tier program represent the most terrible air quality direction demands of all time proposed for any metropolis ( â€Å"Los Angeles ; Traffic and Smog. † 1994 ) . The jurisprudence encourages the usage of market-based rules and other advanced attacks. and provides a model from which alternate clean fuels will be used. The jurisprudence promotes the usage of clean low S coal and natural gas. In add-on. an acerb rain plan that gives public-service corporations flexibleness to obtain needful emanation decreases was created to promote clients to conserve energy ( â€Å"Clean Air Act Amendment. † 1990 ) . Overall. the jurisprudence has caused a diminution in ambient concentrations of particulate affair. However. many inquiry its effectivity since there have been merely minimum alterations in LA’s air composing after 20 old age s of its execution. With stronger enforcement of The Clean Air Act of 1990 and attempts by the SCAQMD. the LA Basin will hold a cleaner and clearer hereafter. Development of renewable energy beginnings and cleaner engineering will besides lend to a promising hereafter for LA air quality. Over the past decennary or so. engineering for the use of renewable resources has been materialized and put to utilize around the universe. Southern California entirely has tonss of undertakings in production ( â€Å"Renewable Energy. † 2009 ) . The landscape and location of Southern California create an ideal environment for solar and wind farms. Nearby deserts supply level land and high-intensity sunbeams perfect for solar panel engineering. while coastal air currents can be captured and converted to energy by air current turbines. The turning popularity of intercrossed and low-emission vehicles will besides assist to cut down chemicals in the ambiance. Recent productions of different intercrossed and low-emission vehicle theoretical accounts. like the Nissan Leaf or Chevy Volt. are doing these types of vehicles more touchable and appealing to the populace. Besides. the SCAQMD is co-sharing the undertaking cost with a figure of industries to develop a manner to utilize â€Å"H2 alternatively of gasolene. every bit good as compare different fueling schemes and H2 production methods† ( Chow. 2004 ) . With the usage of renewables the SCAQMD intends to â€Å"advance the engineering. better competition. addition experience. and. hence. cut down the costs to speed up commercialization† ( Chow. 2004 ) . These exciting promotions in the engineering and usage of renewable resources provide an attack to cut down our trust on fossil fuels and lessen the sum of nursery gases being released into the air. Along with the usage of modern engineerings. transition of rigorous statute law refering emanations into the environment will assist hike the air quality in LA. Economic instruments such as emanation revenue enhancements and emanation trading â€Å"will use the power of the market to promote usage of cleansing agent engineering and fuels† ( Kuo-Jen et al. . 2010 ) . A market-based system will bring forth methods to cut down nursery emanations through usage of the â€Å"polluter pays† construct ( Chow. 2004 ) . Constructing statute law of this sort will coerce citizens and corporations to collaborate and lend in the attempt to regenerate the ambiance of the LA Basin. Los Angeles plays host to 1000000s of tourer twelvemonth unit of ammunition coming to see celebrated LA attractive forces. acquire a gustatory sensation of Hollywood glamor. or to see the beauty of California. Travelers can happen these experiences. nevertheless. few anticipate the world of highly hapless air quality conditions. When in fact. LA has the worst air pollution studies of any metropolis in the state. If citizens cooperate with authorities policies and cut down dependance on fossil fuels. degrees of nursery gas emanations in the Los Angeles Basin will decrease overtime. Once and for all. raising the head covering of smog to bring out the beauty of Los Angeles tourers expect and citizens can be proud of. Mentions Bes . A. . Rogalski. L. . A ; Warminski. K. . ( 2008 ) . Carbon Dioxide Emission to the Atmosphere from Overburden under Controlled Temperature Conditions. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies ; 2008. Vol. 17 Issue 3. 427-432. 6p. Cass. G. R. . Hannigan. M. P. . A ; Harley. R. A. ( 1992 ) . Speciation of organic gas emanations and the sensing of surplus unburned gasolene in the ambiance. Environmental Science A ; Technology. 26 ( 12 ) . 2395-2395. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //search. proquest. com/docview/14304467? accountid=1452 Chow. J. C. ( 2004 ) . Introduction to the A A ; WMA 2004 Critical Review Megacities and Atmospheric Pollution. Journal of the Air A ; Waste Management Association. 54. 642-643. Department of the Interior: 10. 1080/10473289. 2004. 10470940 Chung. K. . Zhang. J. . A ; Zhong. N. ( 2011 ) . Outdoor air pollution and respiratory wellness in Asia. Respirology. 16 ( 7 ) . 1023-1026. doi:10. 1111/j. 1440-1843. 2011. 02034. ten Clean Air Ac t Amendments. ( 1990 ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Environmental Protection Agency. gov/air/caa/overview. txt Early Settlement of Los Angeles. ( n. d. ) . Los Angeles: Past. Present. and Future. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. usc. edu/libraries/archives/la/historic/la_settlement. hypertext markup language Farquhar. D. . A ; Noble. A. A. ( 2012 ) . 2012 Environmental Health Legislation. Journal Of Environmental Health. 75 ( 3 ) . 42-45. Fiftieth Anniversary of Smog War. ( 1997 ) . The Southland’s War on Smog: Fifty Old ages of Progress Toward Clean Air. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. aqmd. gov/news1/Archives/History/marchcov. hypertext markup language # The % 20Arrival % 20of % 20Air % 20Pollution Kuo-Jen. L. . Tagaris. E. . Russell. A. G. . Praveen. A. . Shan. H. . Kasemsan. M. . A ; Jung-Hun. W. ( 2010 ) . Cost Analysis of Impacts of Climate Change on Regional Air Quality. Journal Of The Air A ; Waste Manage ment Association. 60 ( 2 ) . 195-203. DOI:10. 3155/1047-3289. 60. 2. 195 Los Angeles: Traffic and Smog. ( 1994 ) . Environment. 36 ( 2 ) . 12. Lovgren. Stephan. ( 2004 ) Warming to Cause Catastrophic Rise in Sea Level? National Geographic. 214 ( 3 ) . 74-75. Most Populated Cities in US. ( 2011 ) . Explordia. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //exploredia. com/most-populated-cities-in-us-2011/ Pearson K. . John. ( 2001 ) . Bettering Air Quality: Advancement and Challenges for the Automobile Industry. Warrendale. Pennsylvania: Society of Automobile Engineers. Inc. . Polvani. L. M. . Waugh. D. W. . Correa. G. P. . A ; Seok-Woo. S. ( 2011 ) . Stratospheric Ozone Depletion: The Main Driver of Twentieth-Century Atmospheric Circulation Changes in the SouthernHemisphere. Journal Of Climate. 24 ( 3 ) . 795-812. doi:10. 1175/2010JCLI3772. 1 Pollution in Los Angeles County. ( n. d. ) . Rabbit Air. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. rabbitair. com/pollution-in-los-angeles-county. aspx Renewable Energy. ( 2009 ) . Los Angeles County Departme nt of Regional Planning. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //planning. lacounty. gov/energy States and County Quickfacts. ( 2011 ) . The United States Census. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //quickfacts. nose count. gov/qfd/states/06/06037. hypertext markup language Su. Felicia. ( 2002 ) . All That Smog. University of California at Berkeley Environmental Economics A ; Policy 101. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //are. Berkeley. edu/courses/EEP101/spring03/AllThatSmog/extern. hypertext markup language

Ludwig Van Beethoven Essays (1001 words) - Music, Classical Music

Ludwig Van Beethoven Beethoven For many people, Ludwig Van Beethoven is considered the greatest composer who ever lived and is the highest level of musical geniuses. His compositions are the expression of one of the most powerful musical personalities of all time which he exceeded above average in both areas of Classical and Romantic labeling. Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany, December 16, 1770, and was baptized on December 17. His father, Johann, was a singer employed by the Elector of Cologne in Bonn. Johann married Maria Magdalena Laym, a cooks daughter. Together they had seven children of which three sons survived, Beethoven was the oldest (Colliers Encyclopedia, Beethoven). When Johanns career was threatened by alcoholism, he saw his chance to get rich by exploiting his son Beethoven as a child prodigy. He claimed Beethoven was years younger than he actually was, neglected his formal education, and made him practice his music endlessly. His attempt to get rich was a disaster and probably encouraged the bru sque and withdrawing personality Beethoven developed. Beethoven was a solo pianist and piano teacher when he was in his twenties. He was well known for his temperamental nature. He had to abandon his performing career of deafness. By this time, he was well known as a composer and was able to live by the profits of concerts and sale of his works to publishers. He was the most revered composer in all of Europe and regarded as the greatest living example of Romantic, artistic genius (McLeish, pg. 18-19). Sonate Pathetique, Opus 13 was written in 1798 and named by the composer Ludwig Van Beethoven. This Sonate was extremely romantic because of the charged first movement, while the Adagio Movement is sad, yet comforting. The third movement of the Pathetique was considered Rondo. The key of the Adagio Movement is A Flat, the submediant Key of the opening Grave section. The form is a cross between Rondo and Theme and Variations because the A or Main Theme sections have the same melody, but the accompanying parts are varied. Although Beethoven still uses the tonic-dominant relationships to start and end his first section, mm. 1-16, even ending his first theme with a perfect authentic cadence the composer begins to use keys with third relationships. The main theme is in the key of A flat, however the second theme is in the relative minor key of F minor. MM 17-23 are very pivotal in nature and by mm. 23 Beethoven has modulated to the dominant key of E flat major. The remainder of the piece gives the feeling of A flat major, although section c, mm. 36-50. contain many modulations. The coda begins in mm 66-4 through the end and contains a series of V - I cadences. The Adagio of Sonate Pathetique has been compared having a similar melodic structure and affinity of theme to the Adagio of the Ninth Symphony written during the last period almost twenty-five years later. This Adagio movement is in the singing style and demands great emotion from the performer. Although this pa rticular movement was written during Beethovens first period, the great emotion and contemplation, the peace and introspection that characterized his third period seem to be present (McLeish pg. 58-76). Beethoven had a powerful personality that awed everyone. His high-voltage personality coupled with his high-voltage genius, Beethoven was able to live his life on his own terms in everything except his deafness. He was only 5 feet, 4 inches, broad, with a large head, lots of hair, protruding-teeth, a small nose and a bad habit of spitting. He was clumsy, sullen and suspicious, touchy, forgetful, and prone to rages of temper. As a bachelor, he was incredibly messy and had no servants because they would not put up with him (Schonberg, pg. 110-111). In 1802 Beethoven was told his deafness was incurable. This knowledge caused a violent change in his character which brought about a big change in his music. The boisterousness of his youth turned into a mature artist pondering and placing e ach effect. Many of Beethovens most popular works date from this time. The Emperor Piano Concerto, the Violin Concerto, the Third to Seventh Symphonies, the Razumovsky were composed at this

Compare and contrast the poems Essay Example

Compare and contrast the poems Essay Example Compare and contrast the poems Paper Compare and contrast the poems Paper Essay Topic: Seamus Heaney Poems PCompare and contrast the poems Blackberrying by Sylvia Plath and Blackberry Picking by Seamus Heaney  I am comparing and contrasting the poems Blackberrying by Sylvia Plath and Blackberry Picking by Seamus Heaney. Both poems are about blackberries and the totally different situations in which people pick them. Both poets write in an autobiographical way and the poems are set at the same time of year, late summer. Plaths poem is written from the perspective of a grown woman and how she discovers the blackberries as she is walking down a country lane. Heaney on the other hand, portrays his childhood adventures of blackberry picking. He writes it in first person but from the eyes of a child. He recalls how children acted and his personal memories. He uses the vocabulary and imagery a child would use. Heaney tells a story on behalf of himself and his friends; he writes as though he is talking to an adult, he uses the vocabulary of a child dictating what they have recently been doing. Heany really tries to empathise with childish ideas by writing like one. He emphasises this through imagery. He uses short and simple statements such as I always felt like crying. This sort of sentence is a picture that we often relate to children. Throughout the poem we see that Heaney tends to write in a more simply manner, he captures the moment as it is and explains things simply, how a child would, Round hayfields, cornfields and potato drills. A child wouldnt go into much detail on what things could resemble or mean whereas Plath likes to do this. Heaney looks at what he sees, or what he remembers and writes in down, Plath looks at objects and tries to see what they resemble. Heany gives us more of a background of the childrens lives, every year they went and picked berries. During Blackberry Picking we see that Seamus Heanys thoughts and views seem to be very important to him in this poem, he likes to express his beliefs. Plath writes in an abstract and figurative view, instead of always stating what things are she tries explaining how they affect the atmosphere, what they resemble and the surroundings The poem is set in A blackberry alley, going down in hooks, Plath looks at the shape of things i.e. how the lane bends and twists round corners, to her it show hooks. Although she does not often explain how she is feeling, she uses a lot more meaningful words and phrases that can be ambiguous. Ebon is a prime example, it is another word for black. A child wouldnt know that it could mean black, where as an adult is likely to. Both the poems have a wide range of different techniques for imagery. They both use onomatopoeia. In Blackberry Picking words like tinkling, the sound of berries falling into the pot. Plath uses stronger words, heaving and cacophonous (meaning a jarring sound, she is referring to the sound of the birds nearby.)  Another technique that is solely used by Plath is metaphor. By the end of the poem when her mood has changed she starts to look more negatively on things, how nature turns on her and they way the wind is slapping its phantom laundry in [her] face. This is a metaphor, it is not literally applicable that wind can slap you, but she feels that it is natures way of being horrible. Even though I have referred to Blackberry Picking as having simple imagery compared to Blackberrying, it does not. Seamus has varied his use of imagery; Plath looks into more detail and explains what she sees. Heany uses similes (its flesh was sweet like thickened wine), repetition and strong simple words. The word glutting is plain, yet effective. It means to stuff or in this case stuffing, the sound of it when spoken is how he has created imagery. Heany really wants to increase this childish feel, he has looked into how children reacted to things and how they exaggerate to make it sound more grotesque. When the pickings are over he describes how they rot. He is very negative and states things the way he sees them. To enhance the grotesque childish atmosphere of the poem he uses repetition. The beginning of the second verse is an excellent example. We hoarded the fresh berries in the byre.  But when the bath was filled we found a fur,  A rat fungus, glutting on our cache.  The repetition of the letter F creates an unpleasant image of repulsion and disgust. Just after this extract there is a sibilant sound, not always at the front of the word, but often the S or C is emphasised.  The juice was stinking too.  Once. the sweet flesh would turn sour.  I always felt like crying. It wasnt fair.  The other form of repetition is a list, like the endless number of containers used by the children, to hold the berries and the description of all the colours that the berries posses. The number of containers enhances the amount of berries they have picked, something Plath does as well. Although instead of repetition she uses alliteration to show it. There was nobody in the lane, and nothing, nothing but blackberries. Plath uses repetition but in a different way from everything else. She only repeats a few different words continually throughout the poem with no pattern, words like nothing and emptiness. By using these word she is expressing her loneliness. Both poems are explaining journeys, metaphorically and literally. Plath describes a woman walking, in the countryside, down an alleyway. She uses the word alley to create the sense isolation and enclosure. When we walk down alleys they are normally dark, with buildings on either side. Down a blackberry alley you could imagine yourself being surrounded by blackberries creating an atmosphere. The woman is searching for the sea, she can hear it but is scared that nature will prevent her from ever reaching it. Heany is reliving the delight of when they were allowed out to pick the berries, after heavy rain and sun for a full week, the blackberries would ripen. His journey is how [they] trekked and picked until. the tinkling bottom had been covered. Heanys poem has rhythm to it; the lines flow and are continuous.

Historic Timeline From 1850 to 1860

Historic Timeline From 1850 to 1860 The 1850s was a pivotal decade in the 19th century. In the United States, tensions over slavery became prominent and dramatic events hastened the nations movement towards civil war. In Europe, new technology was celebrated and the great powers fought the Crimean War. 1850 January 29: The Compromise of 1850  was introduced in the U.S. Congress. The legislation would eventually pass and be highly controversial, but it essentially delayed the Civil War by a decade. February 1: Edward Eddie Lincoln, a four-year-old son of Abraham and Mary Todd Lincoln, died in Springfield, Illinois.   July 9: President Zachary Taylor died in the White House. His vice president, Millard Fillmore, ascended to the presidency. July 19: Margaret Fuller, an early feminist writer and editor, died tragically at the age of 40 in a shipwreck on the coast of Long Island. September 11: The first New York City concert by Swedish opera singer Jenny Lind created a sensation. Her tour, promoted by P.T. Barnum, would cross America for the following year. December 7: The first clipper ship built by Donald McKay, the Stag Hound, was launched. 1851 May 1: An enormous exhibition of technology opened in London with a ceremony attended by Queen Victoria and the events sponsor, her husband Prince Albert. Prize-winning innovations shown at the Great Exhibition included photographs by  Mathew Brady and the reaper of  Cyrus McCormick. September 11: In what became known as the Christiana Riot, a Maryland slaveholder was killed when he attempted to capture a runaway slave in rural Pennsylvania. September 18: Journalist Henry J. Raymond published the first issue of the New York Times. November 14: Herman Melville’s novel Moby Dick  was published. Henry Clay. Getty Images 1852 March 20: Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom’s Cabin. June 29: Death of Henry Clay. The great legislators body was taken from Washington, D.C. to his home in Kentucky and elaborate funeral observances were held in cities along the way. July 4: Frederick Douglass  delivered notable speech, â€Å"The Meaning of July 4th for the Negro.† October 24: Death of Daniel Webster. November 2: Franklin Pierce elected President of the United States. 1853 March 4: Franklin Pierce sworn in as President of the United States. July 8: Commodore Matthew Perry sailed into Japanese harbor near present day Tokyo with four American warships, demanding to deliver a letter to the emperor of Japan. December 30: Gadsden Purchase signed.   The sinking of the S.S. Arctic. Library of Congress   1854 March 28: Britain and France declare war on Russia, entering The Crimean War. The conflict between was costly and had a very confusing purpose. March 31: Treaty of Kanagawa signed. The treaty opened Japan up for trade, after considerable pressure from the United States. May 30: The Kansas-Nebraska Act signed into law. The legislation, designed to lessen the tension over slavery, actually has the opposite effect. September 27: The steamship S.S. Arctic collided with another ship off the coast of Canada and sank with a great loss of life. The disaster was considered scandalous as women and children were left to die in the icy waters of the Atlantic. October 21: Florence Nightingale left Britain for the Crimean War. Her service aiding battlefield casualties would make her a legend and set a new standard for nursing. November 6: Birth of composer and bandleader John Philip Sousa. 1855 January 28: The Panama Railroad opened, and the first locomotive to travel from the Atlantic to the Pacific traveled on it. March 8: British photographer Roger Fenton, with his wagon of photographic gear, arrived at the Crimean War. He would make the first serious effort to photograph a war. July 4: Walt Whitman published his first edition of Leaves of Grass in Brooklyn, New York. November 17: David Livingstone became the first European to reach Victoria Falls in Africa. November 21: Violence over slavery erupted in the U.S. territory of Kansas at the start of the pre-war troubles that would become known as â€Å"Bleeding Kansas.† Congressman Preston Brooks attacked Senator Charles Sumner on the floor of the U.S. Senate. Getty Images 1856 February 18: The Know-Nothing Party held a convention and nominates former president Millard Fillmore as its presidential candidate. May 22: Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts was  attacked and beaten with a cane in the U.S. Senate chamber by Representative Preston Brooks of South Carolina. The nearly fatal beating was prompted by a speech the anti-slavery Sumner gave in which he insulted a pro-slavery Senator. His attacker, Brooks, was declared a hero in the slave states, and southerners took up collections and sent him new canes to replace the one he had splintered while beating Sumner. May 24: Abolitionist fanatic John Brown and his followers perpetrated the Pottawatomie Massacre in Kansas. October: A series of incidents begin the Second Opium War between Britain and China. November 4: James Buchanan elected president of the United States. 1857 March 4: James Buchanan  was inaugurated as President of the United States. He became very ill at his own inauguration, raising questions in the press about whether he had been poisoned in a failed assassination attempt. March 6: The Dred Scott Decision was announced by the U.S. Supreme Court. The decision, which asserted that African Americans could not be American citizens, inflamed the debate over slavery. 1858 August–October 1858: Perennial rivals Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln held a series of seven debates in Illinois while running for a U.S. Senate seat. Douglas won the election, but the debates elevated Lincoln, and his anti-slavery views, to national prominence. Newspaper stenographers wrote down the content of the debates, and portions that were published in newspapers introduced Lincoln to an audience outside of Illinois. 1859 August 27: The first oil well was drilled in Pennsylvania to a depth of 69 feet. The following morning it was discovered to be successful. The modest well would lead to a revolution as petroleum taken from the ground would propel the rise of industry. September 15: Death of Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the brilliant British engineer. At the time of his death his enormous steel ship The Great Eastern was still unfinished. October 16: Abolitionist radical John Brown launched a raid against the U.S. arsenal at Harpers Ferry. Brown hoped to stir up a slave uprising, but his raid ended in disaster and he was taken prisoner by federal troops. December 2: Following a trial, abolitionist John Brown was hanged for treason. His death energized many sympathizers in the North, and made him a martyr. In the North, people mourned and church bells tolled in tribute. In the South, people rejoiced.

Learning Styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Learning Styles - Essay Example The score of 3b means that I am a fairly well-balanced individual on the two dimensions of the scale. According to this result, I can learn best as either a visual or a verbal learner. Visual learners are good at remembering best what they see as opposed to verbal learners who work best with words. Visual learners prefer the use of diagrams, timelines, pictures, films, flow charts and demonstrations in order to grasp what is being taught. On the other hand, verbal learners make the best of their learning when written and spoken explanations are made (LeFever, 1995). Being a fairly well-balanced type of learner, I have the qualities of both a visual and a verbal learner. I can, therefore, fit in well in any of the above two teaching environments.I believe these results are quite accurate since I have experienced a positive result while learning in the above two kinds of environments. I also believe that I have an upper hand compared to most students who fall on either side of the scal e since I can be able to adapt to any teaching environment I fall under. ConclusionAfter taking the test and scoring a 3b, I am more confident on the type of learner I am due to the double advantage I possess of being able to learn in both a verbal and a visual environment. College education being mostly in form of lectures, I will capitalize on my verbal learning strength by working in groups and trying to better my understanding by explaining teachings and concepts to other students.

McDonaldisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

McDonaldisation - Essay Example The smaller units go through a process of rationalization to come up with the most efficient method. This most efficient method is put into practice to complete the various tasks while the other inefficient techniques are deemed (Bakardjieva, 2014). Three important environmental factors drive McDonaldization. These factors heavily contribute to the increase in popularity of this process. These environmental factors are: the extent to which this process is in line with other essential changes that take place in the society, the American culture which readily accepts the McDonaldization process and the material interests. Using these process of McDonaldization, many companies in various sectors are able to attain there goals and objectives. This process is highly in demand due to its high consistency levels with other social changes that take place worldwide. This process thrives well in a set up that encourages high mobility in its sector such as high movement of the customers in restaurants (Esmer, 2006). Four clear dimensions illustrate the process of McDonaldization. The first angle is efficiency. The restaurants design an efficient way to ensure that their clients are able to get maximum satisfaction. In order to achieve this process efficiency, the workers at the fast foods and other industries that use this rationalization process have to operate efficiently by following well designed steps. Despite McDonaldization, not creating emphasis for efficiency it has become a reality to many industries in many sectors around the world. It has become a critical tool in the everyday life (Galland and Ritzer, 1996). The rationalization process of McDonaldization has massively spread to other outlets in the fast food industry. These restaurants and outlets include Burger King, Taco Bell, and Domino’s bell. These companies use well organized

Alcoholics Anonymous - Essay Essay Example for Free

Alcoholics Anonymous Essay Essay Alcoholics Anonymous came to be in Akron Ohio in 1935 It was formed by Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob out of a desperation to stay sober and not quite knowing how to do so. Bill W. had the idea that maybe one drunk trying to help another stay sober might be the key. Originally Bill W. tried to get sober by attending a religious group, the Oxford Group, and his evolved into AA as we know it today. Bill W. had managed to put together six months of sobriety when he was out of town and was in a situation where he felt like he needed to drink. Instead of taking that first drink he reached out, trying to stay sober. He thought maybe if he helped another drunk, he would feel better and he did. This premise is still keeping drunks sober today. In the early days Dr Bob abd Bill W. would make their rounds to the hospitals trying to help others get sober. The original Big Book or book of AA was based on the fact that one-hundred people had managed to get sober at the time that book was written. Today there are thousands upon thousands of people who are recovering, not only from alcohol but many different kinds of addictions. One of the things that remains true are the original twelve steps of recovery. It is the telling of how the original pioneers got sober and stayed sober. After all these years the program remains strong and is the spring-board for self-help groups. The twelve steps are the program of recovery and it is essential that people who want to recover and keep their disease in remission they should work the steps to the best of their ability. Many people don’t get past step 1; people falter on the steps based on what they believe at that particular moment. Many people can’t or won’t believe in something other than themselves, so step three is out-turning their lives over. Step four is a huge stumbling block, and then having to talk to someone else about what they did wrong is huge. My point is, is that is not easy. Recovery is not easy, the drinking and using part was the easier softer way. For people that would like a better life and would like to learn to live life sober, they must practice the principles of AA, it really is life and death. Many people die every day from this disease. It is my opinion that society has a responsibility to educate our children in that this is a horrific disease and anyone can become afflicted. The stigma associated with this must be eradicated in favor of a medical view that treats it as what it is; a  bio-psycho-social disease.

Essay --

The very definition of child pornography is difficult in a legal sense. Material that classifies as child pornography is subjective to many variables that are to be considered including what defines a â€Å"child†, the mode of material, and the way in which the material is used (Gillespie, 2010). The article Legal Definition of Child Pornography by Alisdair Gillespie discusses how difficult it is in this day and age to put parameters around a concise definition of child pornography. We live in a world that is technologically advanced, which makes it difficult to devise an exact explanation of child pornography because of the abilities to manipulate and create materials that may or may not actually depict a â€Å"real† child. Child pornography laws are a recent concept created out of the obscenity law of the 1970’s. However, these laws may need to be redefined in order to apply to our world today. Child pornography may be difficult to identify. In the 1960’s, Supreme Court Justice Stewart coined the phrase â€Å"I know it when I see it†, a legal phrase which is actually still used today. Although, this statement was in reference to obscene material in an adult pornography case, Jacobeellis v. Ohio, Justice Stewart explained that not all issues can be definitively defined, but there are some issues that do not require a specific definition in order to know what actions the law should be taking (Gillespie, 2010). The Internet poses great challenges to the law because of global involvement. Communication and distribution across boarders has made it impossible for a consistent definition of child pornography, which creates a weak foundation in combating this heinous crime. Gillespie addresses identifying factors that define what child pornography i... ...oses? This is the difficulty for law enforcement and as such, some offenders may fall through the cracks of justice. Gillespie has presented a very interesting analysis on defining child pornography. The article appears strong and I believe he has raised fervent arguments about the complexity of putting parameters around the definition of child pornography. He discussed three important variables in identifying child pornography and the problems that are associated with them. I did not find this article to exhibit any points of weakness, possibly because most of the evidence presented was insightful. Gillespie’s article helped me to acknowledge the tremendous difficulty law enforcement personnel have when it comes to defining child pornography. There is a fine line between what is legal and what it not and the complexities of this issue will continue in the future.

Night World : The Chosen Chapter 10

Or not to meet them so much as graze past them, before concentrating on his chin. She didn't dare stare directly into them for long. â€Å"Maybe she is from another planet,† Quinn was saying to the girl. â€Å"Maybe she's not human. Maybe I'm not, either.† That's right, Rashel thought. Make fun of them by telling them a truth they won't believe. But, she noticed, Quinn looked more as if he didn't care what they found out than as if he were mocking them. â€Å"Maybe she's from another world. Did you ever think of that?† Rashel was confused again. Quinn seemed to be trying to get himself killed. He appeared to be verging on telling these girls about the Night World, and under the laws of the Night World, that was punishable by death. You're really slipping, Rashel thought. First the slave trade, now this. I thought you were supposed to be such a stickler for the law. â€Å"There are darker dimensions,† Quinn was confiding to the group, â€Å"than you have ever imagined. But, you see, it's all part of life's grand design, so it's all right. Did you know†-he put his arm around a girl's shoulders, gesturing outward as if inviting her to look at some horizon-â€Å"that there's a certain kind of wasp that lays its eggs in the body of a caterpillar? A live caterpillar. And it stays alive, you see, while the eggs hatch and the little waspettes eat it from the inside out. Now, who do you think invented that?† Rashel wondered if vampires could get drunk. â€Å"That would probably be the most horrible way to die,† Daphne chimed in, her musical voice ghoulish. â€Å"Being eaten by insects. Or maybe being burned.† â€Å"It would probably depend on how fast you burned,† Quinn said meditatively. â€Å"A flash of fire-high enough temperature-you bum the nerves out in the first few seconds. Slow baking would be different.† â€Å"I'm writing a poem about fire,† Rashel said. She was surprised to find that she was annoyed because Quinn didn't really seem to have noticed her. On second thought, she should be annoyed; her plan depended on him not only noticing but choosing her. She was going to have to capture his attention. â€Å"Do you have it with you?† Daphne was asking helpfully. â€Å"No, but I can tell you the beginning,† Rashel said. She braced herself to look at Quinn as she recited: â€Å"There's warmth in ice; there's cooling peace in fire, And midnight light to show us all the way. The dancing flame becomes a funeral pyre; The Dark was more enticing than the Day.† Quinn blinked. Then he smiled, and he looked Rashel over, dearly taking notice of the velvet jumpsuit and ending with her face. He looked everywhere†¦ except into her eyes. â€Å"That's right; you've got it,† he said with that same brittle exhilaration. â€Å"And there's plenty of dark out there for everyone.† Rashel's worry that he might look too deep if he met her gaze was groundless. Quinn didn't seem to be really seeing anybody here. â€Å"There is plenty of darkness,† Rashel said. She moved toward him, feeling strangely brave. Her instincts sensed a weakness in him, a flaw. â€Å"It's everywhere. It's inescapable. So the only thing we can do is embrace it.† She was standing right in front of him now, looking at his mouth. â€Å"If we hold it dose, it won't hurt so much.† â€Å"Well. Exactly.† Quinn showed his teeth, but it wasn't the manic smile. It was a grimace. He didn't look happy anymore; suddenly, for just an instant, he looked tired and sick. He was almost leaning away from Rashel. â€Å"I came here so I could do that,† Rashel said in a sultry voice. She was scaring herself a little. In the name of the charade, she was doing everything she could to seduce him-but it was surprisingly easy and surprisingly enjoyable. There was a sort of tingling all over her body, as if the jumpsuit had picked up a charge. â€Å"I came to look for the darkness,† she said. Softly. Quinn laughed abruptly. The feverish good humor came flooding back. â€Å"And you found it,† he said. He went on laughing and laughing, and he reached out to touch Rashel's cheek. Don't let him touch you! The thought flashed through Rashel's mind and communicated to her muscles in an instant. Without knowing how she knew, she was certain that if he touched her, it would all be over. It was skin-to-skin contact that had nearly fried every circuit in her brain before. She danced back from his fingertips and smiled teasingly, while her heart tried to pound its way out of her chest. â€Å"This place is so crowded,† she said throatily. â€Å"Huh? Oh. Then why don't we schedule something more private? I could pick you up tomorrow night. Say seven o'clock in the parking lot.† Bingo. â€Å"But Quinn.† It was Daphne, looking aggrieved. â€Å"You told me to meet you tomorrow.† She trembled her chin. Quinn stared at her, and for once, Rashel could read his face easily. He was thinking that anybody that stupid deserved it. â€Å"Well, you can both come,† he said expansively. â€Å"Why not? The more the merrier.† He walked away laughing and laughing. Rashel watched him go, resisting an impulse to shake her head. She'd done it; she'd passed the last test and been chosen. So why was her heart still pounding? She glanced out of the side of her eye at Daphne. â€Å"Well, I don't know about anybody else, but I've had enough excitement for tonight.† She went to get her coat, with the rest of Quinn's coterie glaring jealously after her. She had one enjoyable experience on the way out. Ivan, still slouching, tried to stop her at the door. â€Å"Shelly, hey. I thought we were going to get to know each other better.† Rashel didn't need him anymore; she had her invitation. â€Å"I'd rather get to know a head louse,† she said in her sweet chatty voice, and she stepped on his foot hard with her high heel. In the car, she waited a full twenty minutes, watching the front of the club, before Daphne joined her. â€Å"Sorry, but I didn't want anybody to think we were leaving together.† â€Å"You did a great job,† Rashel said, driving away. â€Å"You even managed to get both of us invited to meet Quinn together-that was dangerous, but it worked. The only thing that surprised me is that he invited us in front of everybody. Is that how he did it before?† â€Å"No. Not at all. Last time, he sort of whispered it to me when nobody was around. But, you know, nothing was normal tonight. I mean, he usually asks new girls questions-I guess to figure out if they have families who'll miss them. And he isn't usually that-that†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Manic?† â€Å"Yeah. I wonder what's going on with him?† Rashel pressed her lips together and stared straight ahead through the windshield. â€Å"You sure you want to go through with this?† It was Sunday night and they were nearing the parking lot of the Crypt. â€Å"I've told you and told you,† Daphne said. â€Å"I'm ready. I can do it.† â€Å"Okay. But, listen, if there's any trouble, I want you to run. Run away from the club and don't look back for me. All right?† Daphne nodded. At Rashel's suggestion, she was wearing something more sensible tonight: black pants heavy enough to provide some warmth, a dark sweater, and shoes she could run in. Rashel was dressed the same way, except that she was wearing high boots. The knife was in one. â€Å"You go first,† Rashel said, parking a street away from the club. â€Å"I'll come in a minute.† She watched Daphne walk away, hoping she wasn't going to get this little blond bunny killed. She herself was the danger. Quinn was going to use mind control on them to get them to go to the warehouse quietly. And Rashel wasn't sure what would happen when he did it. Just don't let him touch you, she told herself. You can carry it off as long as he doesn't touch you. Five minutes later, she started toward the Crypt. Quinn was in the dark parking lot, standing by a silvery-gray Lexus. As Rashel reached the car, she saw the pale blob of Daphne's face through the window. â€Å"I almost thought you weren't coming.† There was now a sort of savagery mixed in with Quinn's lunatic good humor. As if he was angry she wasn't smart enough to save herself. â€Å"Oh, I wouldn't miss this for the world.† Rashel kept her eyes on the car. She wanted to get this over with. â€Å"Are we going somewhere?† There was that tiny hesitation that seemed to come every time she spoke to him, as if it were taking him a minute to focus. Or as if he were trying to figure something out, she thought nervously. Then he answered smoothly, â€Å"Oh, right, get in.† Rashel got in. She glanced once at Daphne in the back seat. Daphne said, â€Å"What's up?† in a chirpy voice laced with feminine rivalry. Good girl. Quinn was getting in the driver's side. Once the door was shut, he turned the engine on to run the heater. The windows immediately began to fog. Rashel sat in a state of continuing mind, ready for the unexpected at any moment. Only the unexpected didn't come. Nothing came. Quinn was just sitting there in the driver's seat. Watching her. With a sudden void in her stomach that threatened her zanshin, Rashel realized that it was too dark. Too familiar. They were sitting here together in silence, so close, visible to each other only in silhouette, just as they had in the cellar. She could almost feel Quinn's confusion as he tried to figure out what was bothering him. And Rashel was afraid to say anything, afraid that her chirpiest voice wouldn't be a good-enough disguise. The horrible feeling of connection was mounting, like some giant green wave looming over them both. In a moment it would break, and Quinn would say, â€Å"I know you,† and switch on the light to see the face without the veil. Rashel's fingers edged toward her knife. Then, through the electric buzzing in her ears, she heard Daphne say, â€Å"You know, I just love this car. I bet it goes really fast, too. This is all so exciting-I'm just so glad I got here this time. Not like last week.† She went on, blathering easily, while Rashel sank back lightheaded with relief. The connection was broken; Quinn was now looking at his instrument panel as if trying to escape the chatter. And now Daphne was talking about how exciting it was to ride in the dark. Smart, smart girl. Quinn had to interrupt her to say, â€Å"So, you two girls want to surrender to the darkness?† He said it as if he were asking if they wanted to order pizza. â€Å"Yes,† Rashel said. â€Å"Oh, yes,† Daphne said. â€Å"It's just like we always say. I think that would be just the most seriously cool-â€Å" Quinn made a gesture at her as if to say, â€Å"For God's sake, shut up.† Not a rough gesture. It was more like an exasperated choir director trying to get through to some soprano who wouldn't stop at the end of the measure. Stop here. And Daphne shut up.' Like that. As if he'd turned off a switch in her. Rashel twisted slightly to look at the backseat and saw that Daphne had slumped to one side, body limp, her breathing peaceful. Oh, God, Rashel thought. She was used to the kind of mind control other vampires had tried on her. The persuasive, whispery-voice-in-the-head type. And when Quinn hadn't tried to use that, or to call for help in the cellar, she'd assumed he was low on telepathy. Now she knew the truth. He packed a telepathic punch like a pile driver. No, like a karate blow: swift, precise, and deadly. He turned to look at her, a dark shape against a lighter darkness. Rashel tried to brace herself. â€Å"And the rest is silence,† Quinn said, and gestured at her. Rashel fell into a void. She woke up as she was being carried into the warehouse. She had enough presence of mind not to open her eyes or make any other sign that she was conscious. It was Quinn carrying her; she could tell even with her eyes shut. When he dumped her on a mattress, she deliberately fell so that her head was turned away from him and her hair was over her face. She had a moment's fear that he was going to discover the knife in her boot when he shackled her ankles. But he didn't even roll up her pant leg. He seemed to be doing everything as quickly as possible, without really paying attention. Rashel heard the shackle snap shut. She kept perfectly still. She lay and listened as he brought Daphne in and chained her. Then she heard voices close by and the sound of other footsteps. â€Å"Put that one down here-what happened to her purse?† That was Lily. â€Å"It's still in the car.† Ivan. â€Å"Okay, bring it in with the other one. I'll do her feet.† Thump of a body hitting a mattress. Footsteps going away. The metallic clink of chains. Then a sigh from Lily. Rashel could imagine her straightening up and looking around in satisfaction. â€Å"Well, that's it. Ivan's got number twenty-four in the car. I guess we're going to have one very happy client.† â€Å"Joy,† Quinn said flatly. Twenty-four? One client? â€Å"I'll leave a message that everything's going to be ready for the big day.† â€Å"Do that.† â€Å"You're awfully moody, you know. It's not just me who's noticed it.† A pause, and Rashel imagined Quinn giving one of his black looks. â€Å"I was just thinking it was ironic. I turned down a job as a slave trader once. That was before. Do you remember before, Lily? When we lived in Charlestown and your sister Dove was still alive. A captain from Marblehead asked if I wanted to ship out to Guinea for some human cargo. Black gold, I think he called it. As I remember, I hit him on the nose. And Fight-the-Good-fight-for-Faith Johnson reported me for brawling.† â€Å"Quinn, what's wrong with you?† â€Å"Just reminiscing about the old days in the sunlight. Of course, you wouldn't know about that, would you? You're lamia; you were born this way. Technically, I suppose, you were born dead.† â€Å"And technically, I suppose, you're going peculiar. My father always said it would happen.† â€Å"Yes, and I wonder what your father would think about all this? His daughter selling humans for money. And to such a client, and for such a reason-â€Å" At that moment, while Rashel was listening desperately, hanging on every word, heavy footsteps interrupted. Ivan had returned. Quinn broke off, and he and Lily remained silent as another body thumped on a bed. Rashel cursed mentally. What client? What reason? She'd supposed the girls were being sold as regular house slaves or food supplies. But clearly that wasn't the case. And then something happened that drove thoughts of the future right out of her mind. She heard footsteps next to her bed, and she was aware of someone leaning close. Not Quinn, the smell was wrong. Ivan. A rough hand grabbed her hair and pulled her head back. Another arm slid under her waist, lifting her up. Panic shot through Rashel, and she tried to push it away. She forced herself to stay limp, eyes shut, arms dangling passively. I ought to have been prepared for this. She'd realized from the beginning that playing her part might include allowing herself to get bitten. To feel vampire teeth on her throat, to allow them to spill her blood. But it bad never happened to her before, and it took every ounce of her will to keep from fighting. She was scared. Her arched throat felt exposed and vulnerable, and she could feel a pulse beating in it wildly. â€Å"What are you doing?† Quinn's voice was sharp as the crack of glacier ice. Rashel felt Ivan go still. â€Å"I've got something to settle with this girl. She's a smartass.† â€Å"Take your hands off her. Before I knock you through the wall.† â€Å"Quinn-† Lily said. Quinn's voice was painfully distinct. â€Å"Drop her. Now.† Ivan dropped Rashel. â€Å"He's right,† Lily said coolly. â€Å"They're not for you, Ivan, and they have to be in perfect shape.† Ivan muttered something sullen and Rashel heard footsteps moving away. She lay and listened to her heart slowly calming. â€Å"I'm going to get some sleep,† Quinn said, sounding flat and dull. â€Å"See you Tuesday,† lily said. Tuesday, Rashel thought. Great. It's going to be a very long two days. They were the most boring two days of her life. She got to know every corner of the small glass-windowed office. The windows were a problem, since she was never absolutely sure if Lily or Ivan were outside one of them, standing in the warehouse proper and looking through. She listened carefully for the warehouse doors, froze instantly at any suspicious sound, and trusted to luck. Daphne woke up Monday morning. Rashel had her neck twisted sideways and was staring through the office glass up at the one tiny window set high in the warehouse wall. Just as it turned gray with dawn, Daphne sat up and screamed. â€Å"Sh! It's all right! You're here in the warehouse with me.† â€Å"Rashel?† â€Å"Yeah. We made it. And I'm glad you're awake.† â€Å"Are we alone?† â€Å"More or less,† Rashel said. â€Å"There are two other girls, but they're both hypnotized. You'll see when it gets lighter.† Daphne let out her breath. â€Å"Wow†¦ we did it. That's great. So how come I'm so completely and utterly terrified?† â€Å"Because you're a smart girl,† Rashel said grimly. â€Å"Just wait until Tuesday when they take us out.† â€Å"Take us out where?† â€Å"That's the question.†

Life of Dogs Versus Life of Cats Essay

Dogs and cats, they are completely different species because they have different attitudes, needs, and habit. However as pets, they have some characteristics in common and go through the same issues of grooming, caring and feeding. To start with the similarities between dogs and cats, there are some common problems that may occur if these animals are kept as pets. Both cats and dogs have fur; therefore require regular combing and washing, if you don’t want to deal with fleas in your house. Both cats and dogs shed, so there occur a definite problem with cleaning out their hackles. Both of them were domesticated hundreds of years ago, so they got used to living in captivity. The important issue for the breeder is that both cats and dogs nurse their young without significant help from the human. Both cats and dogs can be trained. And last, but not the least – they bring love and affection to humans and love to sleep with their owners and are believed to ease problems with health. Cats similar to dogs get bored, and therefore they need toys to keep them occupied. If you give them all the possible attention, they will be great animals. Then if we talk about the differences between them, dogs used to live in a pack in the wild, thus, they require being with the pack in captivity, therefore they consider you and your family to be their family. In the wild the dogs hunt in a company of their kind while on the other hand, cats usually hunt by their own selves, and do not need any company. Certainly they can live together, although they do not require being with one another or with anyone else. Dogs are usually extremely playful and want to have a job to do. Dogs are very active animals that can help people to do many kinds of things like exercise, play a game, and so on. Dogs love to be petted, and can sit on your lap for hours whereas cats do not want to sit with you and some of them dislike being held. Dogs are active during the day and sleep at nights while cats are active at night, and can sleep all day long. Dogs are extremely communicative and use their body language and bark to express their feelings whereas cats can meow, but they are definitely not  as noisy as dogs, and much less expressive with their body language. Dogs are strong animals, so they participate in games, but cats just let it happen around it. In addition to this, dogs are social animals that need communication, while cats are independent, and do not need it. Cats have retractable claws, unlike dogs. Cats seem to be very well-balanced and a lot more flexible as compare to the dogs. Most would say that cats have a higher intelligence than dogs do however; dogs are somewhat smarter than cats in the area of verbal command. For example, you can call your dog by name and usually it will come to you, unlike a cat. There are various similarities and differences that dogs and cats hold to each other. This compare and contrast between the two animals can be supposed in different ways. Some may think more highly of cats due to their intelligence, while others may choose a dog because of their companionship.

Free Essays on Superconductivity

Superconductivity INTRODUCTION We've all heard about superconductivity. But, do we all know what it is? How it works and what are its uses? To start talking about superconductivity, we must try to understand the how "normal" conductivity works. This will make it much easier to understand how the "super" part functions. In the following paragraphs, I will explain how superconductivity works, some of the current problems and some examples of its uses. CONDUCTIVITY Conductivity is the ability of a substance to carry electricity. Some substances like copper, aluminium, silver and gold do it very well. They are called conductors. Others conduct electricity partially and they are called semi-conductors. The concept of electric transmission is very simple to understand. The wire that conducts the electric current is made of atoms which have equal numbers of protons and electrons making the atoms electrically neutral. If this balance is disturbed by gain or loss of electrons, the atoms will become electrically charged and are called ions. Electrons occupy energy states. Each level requires a certain amount of energy. For an electron to move to a higher level, it will require the right amount of energy. Electrons can move between different levels and between different materials but to do that, they require the right amount of energy and an "empty" slot in the band they enter. The metallic conductors have a lot of these slots and this is where the free electrons will head when voltage (energy) is applied. A simpler way to look at this is to think of atoms aligned in a straight line (wire). if we add an electron to the first atom of the line, that atom would have an excess of electrons so it releases an other electron which will go to the second atom and the process repeats again and again until an electron pops out from the end of the wire. We can then say that conduction of an electrical current is simp... Free Essays on Superconductivity Free Essays on Superconductivity Superconductivity INTRODUCTION We've all heard about superconductivity. But, do we all know what it is? How it works and what are its uses? To start talking about superconductivity, we must try to understand the how "normal" conductivity works. This will make it much easier to understand how the "super" part functions. In the following paragraphs, I will explain how superconductivity works, some of the current problems and some examples of its uses. CONDUCTIVITY Conductivity is the ability of a substance to carry electricity. Some substances like copper, aluminium, silver and gold do it very well. They are called conductors. Others conduct electricity partially and they are called semi-conductors. The concept of electric transmission is very simple to understand. The wire that conducts the electric current is made of atoms which have equal numbers of protons and electrons making the atoms electrically neutral. If this balance is disturbed by gain or loss of electrons, the atoms will become electrically charged and are called ions. Electrons occupy energy states. Each level requires a certain amount of energy. For an electron to move to a higher level, it will require the right amount of energy. Electrons can move between different levels and between different materials but to do that, they require the right amount of energy and an "empty" slot in the band they enter. The metallic conductors have a lot of these slots and this is where the free electrons will head when voltage (energy) is applied. A simpler way to look at this is to think of atoms aligned in a straight line (wire). if we add an electron to the first atom of the line, that atom would have an excess of electrons so it releases an other electron which will go to the second atom and the process repeats again and again until an electron pops out from the end of the wire. We can then say that conduction of an electrical current is simp...

5 Surprising Reasons Your Job Application Isnt Getting a Response

5 Surprising Reasons Your Job Application Isnt Getting a Response Sending out resumes by the dozens, but not getting any calls from hiring managers? You could be a fantastic candidate, but it might be time to ask yourself if you’re inadvertently doing anything that keeps you from making the next round.  Here are 5 things you might not have considered that may be the reason your job application isn’t getting a response. 1. Online-Only ApplicationsThe vast majority of your queries and applications are through online sites and job boards. But did you know that nearly 80% of all job openings don’t ever make it online? Switch your focus to networking, and find a way to get internal recommendations for positions before they’re even advertised online.2. A Generic ResumeIf you’re not crafting every resume to specifically target the specific job you want, then you’re wasting your time. The extra time it takes to match the resume spec for spec to the job to which you are applying will always be worth it. This shows you’re serious and do your homework. Make it as easy as possible for the decision maker to call you in.3. Lack of KeywordsFor online applications especially, you need to be mindful of the keywords you should include to get past online tracking systems. If you don’t have the right keywords or phrases in your application, yours might never come up in the recruiter’s search.The best way to figure out what to include is to comb through the job posting itself and make sure to highlight, verbatim, the qualifications you have that match the job’s demands. When in doubt, include the obvious skills and strengths. You never know what a hiring manager might be searching for.4. Social Media OopsiesOften one of the final stages in sorting through applicants is a quick scan of their social media presence looking for red flags. Don’t give them any. Scrub your sites clean of anything inappropriate or offensive. But do make sure to have a presence- being totally u nfindable can backfire as well.5. Telling Your AgeWhether you are uncharacteristically young or old for the position in question, don’t disclose this information until you walk into the interview and can control their reaction. Don’t broadcast this information too early or risk being weeded out. (Despite age discrimination being totally illegal†¦)

Annotated bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 10

Annotated bibliography - Essay Example Such categorization helps to give priority to things that need our immediate attention. This article is especially useful for employers to understand the expenditure their companies incur over long periods of time. This article shows how to group expenses into different categories to keep track of the expenses incurred. It tells us that by allotting a certain amount of money towards each category, it is easier to keep track of how much is spent in any particular category. In this way we can track if a particular category is over shooting expenses. The article highlights the fact that though budgets are considered a necessary evil, it is important that they are well maintained and updated on a regular basis. It also explains the three main steps necessary for maintaining a budget and they are as follows – 1) Identifying expenditure, 2) Evaluating current expenditure, and 3) Maintaining a regular track record of all the expenses. This article is particularly useful for those in the field of finance because it gives many important tips on budget maintenance. In this article the author explains the necessity of maintaining budgets saying that it helps to keep a control on one’s finances.‎ Budgets are used for various purposes such as – Controlling income and expenditure, providing direction, Motivating employees, Improving efficiency, Establishing the company’s priorities and for Monitoring employees performance. In this context, the managers play a pivotal role in maintaining proper communication between the employers and employees and lay down the plan of action based on the budget given. This article was very useful as it had many guiding principles that help to keep finances of any kind under control. This article is important in the sense that it is a good guide to Budget Management. It gives us necessary information

Corporate Governance And Itseffects On Firms Performance Evidences In Dissertation

Corporate Governance And Itseffects On Firms Performance Evidences In Saudi Arabia - Dissertation Example Modern changes in the business environment have made it more frequent for families to own a whole corporate. This has its own benefits but side effects include a lot of problems between the agency, owners, management and shareholders. Conflicts are on the rise and due to this problem trust is more important than ever in the process of financial analysis and its reporting (Klein, 2002). The core issue that corporate governance deals with is the agency problem which serves as a conflict of interest for both managers and owners. This is because of the gap between the ownership and control. In most of the cases the management of shareholders is the duty of managers and the top most managers sometimes exploit their power. There are many corporate governance models some of them are; participative model, behavioural model, finance model, stakeholder model, political model, strategy model and the policy government model. Implementing good corporate governance in firms is designed to give res ults in terms of better firm performance and that can be accomplished by making better and more rational decisions. It has been a common practice among firms to expropriate the control of shareholders in order to receive a smoother stream of earnings. But as a better lubricant to smoothen the friction between the shareholders and managers comes corporate governance. With the placement of good corporate governance, firms are less likely to expropriate as more investors prefer to invest in firms with good corporate governance (Melis, 2004).... †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦23 2.5.2 Return on Assets (ROA) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦23 2.5.3 Earnings per Share (EPS) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦23 2.5.4 Book Value per Share (BV) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦23 2.6 Summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦24 Methodology †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦25 3.1 Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..26 Works Cited †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦28 Introduction 1.1 Overview Modern changes in the business environment have made it more frequent for families to own a whole corporate. This has its own benefits but side effects include a lot of problems between the agency, owners, management and shareholders. Conflicts a re on the rise and due to this problem trust is more important than ever in the process of financial analysis and its reporting (Klein, 2002). The core issue that corporate governance deals with is the agency problem which serves as a conflict of interest for both managers and owners. This is because of the gap between the ownership and control. In most of the cases the management of shareholders is the duty of managers and the top most managers sometimes exploit their power. There are many corporate governance models some of them are; participative model, behavioural model, finance model, stakeholder model, political model, strategy model and the policy government model.

Dreaming argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dreaming argument - Essay Example An argument is considered valid only if the conclusion is logically drawn from the premises. The two premises of the argument are; â€Å"I can know something about the world outside my mind only if I can know that I am not dreaming†. â€Å"I cannot know whether I am dreaming or awake†. From these two premises, the conclusion is; â€Å"Therefore, I cannot know anything about the world outside my mind†. The conclusion flows from the premises. The first premise is a statement that explains why it is impossible to know about the world outside one’s mind. It means that the world outside is only real when one is not dreaming. The second premise then indicates that the person is not able to distinguish when he is awake or dreaming. This then leads to a logical conclusion that the person cannot know anything that is real, because he does not know when to distinguish what is real and what is not. The argument is therefore valid. Premise one is true because what is outside the mind is real and one can only know of reality when one is awake. This premise can be interpreted to mean that the world outside one’s mind is unknown to the person because the mind creates everything. The mind is in control and gives the perceptions. There are two worlds according to Descartes, the dream world, and the real world. In these worlds, similar things occur, making it hard to differentiate between a dream from real life. It, therefore, gives an individual the chance to choose to live in reality or a dream. One is given the chance to decide when the experiences he is going through are real, and when the experiences are a dream. Reasons for doubting that premise one as true: The premise argues that dreams are similar to normal life experiences that people go through making it difficult for one to know when he is living through a dream or is awake. This means that dreams only focus on people’s lives and not any other thing outside an individual’s mind. Dreams

Effects Of Celebrity Endorsements Cultural Studies Essay

Effects Of Celebrity Endorsements Cultural Studies Essay Well known for having a successful modelling career, Kate Moss has appeared in many endorsed advertising campaigns, such as, Chanel, Louis Vuitton and Versace, to name only a few. Moss endorsement career has had its ups and downs. In 2005, a drug scandal hit the headlines, with pictures of Moss snorting cocaine. This story put many of her endorsements at risk. When the news story was announced she lost major contracts with Roberto Cavalli, Chanel, Burberry HM. However, Rimmel took advantage of the publicity that she was receiving in the media and decided to incorporate the image in their television advertising. The advert showed her partying all night, then applying their new recovery foundation before arriving to work looking fresh and pretty. According to Bussey sales rocketed (Bussey, 2005) after release of the advert. Coty Beauty, who runs the Rimmel brand, decided to keep Moss because she had made a public apology. They will stand by the model after she apologised and promised to overcome her problems (Sky News, 2005) There is no real evidence to show whether keeping Moss made an impact on the sales of Rimmel products. When the author contacted Coty Beauty and JWT, they were not willing to give any information regarding Rimmels sales from the years 2006/2007. Below is a comment made by Peter Knowland, Director of the Rimmel account at JWT. They (Rimmel- Coty Beauty) have no desire to look backwards. They are very excited about the family of Rimmel faces they have today Coco Rocha, Georgia May Jagger, Sophie Ellis Bextor and Kate Moss. They all have a different but important part to play in the promotion of the Rimmel London brand. Glyn Thompson, who works in consumer affairs for Coty Beauty, stated: Unfortunately, we are unable to be of assistance on this occasion as we are a private company and we do not release annual sales report Twelve months after the scandal hit the headlines, Moss had won back many endorsement contracts Roberto Cavalli (again), Stella McCartney, Virgin Mobile (who used the scandal in their campaign), Burberry (again) and Louis Vuitton to name a few (Bussey, 2006) According to Bussey, Autumn/Winter 2006 season was one of Kate Moss most successful- and profitable (Bussey, 2006) This case study defines the quote any publicity is good publicity. Although Moss was receiving bad publicity when the scandal was released, it worked to her advantage as well as Rimmels for sticking by her. David Golding, Planning Director at Rainey Kelly Campbell Roalfe/YR says: You have to think to what extent has her image been tarnished by these stories. The bigger story was how many companies dropped her and then took her back. To me this is proof that she is a great brand icon. (Bussey, 2006) 4.1.3 TIGER WOODS TIGER WOODS SCANDAL COULD COST MEDIA AND SPONSORS $220 MILLION (campaignlive, 2009) Prior to news of the scandal being released in Novemeber 2009, Woods had estimated annual earnings of $100 million in endorsements. Tiger Woods is a good example of how over using a celebrity could jeopardise brands when a scandal breaks. Many advertisers used Woods for his clean-living public image. When the scandal broke about the alleged string of affairs, it was reported that many of Woodss endorsement products would drop him from their advertising. What became evident was that many of his big sponsors did not drop him, instead they suspended any adverts that he appeared in from their campaigns. Procter and Gambles Gillette and Swiss watchmaker Tag Heuer, have maintained their relationships but are not featuring him in current advertising (SkyNews, 2010). Gillette was the first major sponsorship to distance themselves from the golfer over his private life, the company stated this in a press release following the scandal, In the midst of a difficult and unfortunate situation, we respect the action Tiger is taking to restore the trust of his family, friends and fans. We fully support him stepping back from his professional career and taking the time he needs to do what matters most. We wish him and his family the best. As Tiger takes a break from the public eye, we will support his desire for privacy by limiting his role in our marketing programs. (Norton, 2009) However, Accenture and ATT dropped Woods as soon as the scandal broke, stating that he is no longer seen as the ideal, clean-cut promotional vehicle (Timesonline, 2010). However, Woods also announced his Indefinite Leave from golf, shareholders of companies that Mr. Woods endorses lost $5-12 billion in wealth (Knittel Stango, 2010:1). Woods decision to leave golf for a while to focus on his personal life also left his endorsements at jeopardy. Since the story broke, there have been certain companies that have made a big loss. Investors in three sports-related companies Tiger Woods PGA Tour Golf, Gatorade and Nike fared the worst, experiencing a 4.3 percent loss, or about $6 billion. (Talmazan, 2009). This evidence shows that many of his sporting endorsements have suffered the worst. Whether this is because his images in the advertisements are of him as a sportsman- which is what he is famous for, whereas other advertisements are using him because of his nice guy image. Unlike the previous case study, this story is recent, so its difficult to analyse whether these effects will be long term or similarly to the Kate Moss story, the effect on his endorsements may only be short term. A recent poll was created by Sport Business to see what the public believe will happen to Woodss endorsements. The results show that 56% of respondents believe the effects of the scandal will only be short term, 27% believe that there will be no effects at all, whilst 17% believe that the effects will be long term. If these results are correct, then the effects of the scandal will only be short term and, like Moss, Woods may recover some of his lost endorsements. 4.1.4 JAMIE OLIVER- Sainsburys Jamie Oliver is best known as the naked chef, this was the name of a programme that Jamie appeared in, where he went out shopping for ingredients to cook a dinner for friends, the programmes approach was through an informality, friendliness and an easy- going, relaxed format (Byrne, 2003:1). He was announced as the new face of Sainsburys in 2000; it was the first time a celebrity chef has fronted a major supermarket advertising campaign. (PRNewswire, 2000) The credibility of the star was one of the reasons that Oliver was a perfect celebrity for the brand, Abbot Mead Vickers the advertising agency in charge of the campaign, felt that: We wanted to create a brand strategy and develop vision for the brand. Essentially we wanted to re-emphasise the brands focus on quality and position the brand as a leader in the field in terms of quality. Therefore using Jamie Oliver who is renowned for quality would help us reposition on quality and that is what the adverts are conveying to the customer. In essence what we are doing is borrowing his values and transposing them to the brand (Byrne, 2003:6/7) The decision to do this links with the theory that McCracken suggests, the endorsement has to be right, the celebrity has to link with the product, and in order for it to be a success the product needs to attract the consumer. What this evidence does show is that Oliver has a good image through which to portray the brand and what they have to offer, because of his image within the public eye, his success as a chef and the quality of food that he uses. This will allow the public to believe that the products he uses are good, which will be reflected in their purchasing decisions. One concern that the agency had, was they felt that Jamie would not appeal to the 45 plus age group (Byrne, 2003:7) However, due to his informal style, his boy next door and every day image, it has allowed many consumers to relate to him. Since introducing Oliver as the face of Sainsburys, the advertising and sales has gone from strength to strength, According to new research, the  £41m spent by Sainsburys on campaigns using Jamie Oliver generated an extra  £1.12bn of turnover overall turnover was  £17bn. Oliver was single-handedly responsible for  £200m of Sainsburys  £535m profits in the past two years. (Evening Standard, 2002) Kate Nicholson, Head of Sainsburys advertising, made this comment Jamie has far exceeded our expectations. It does sound like an awful lot of money but we know he really has generated these extra sales because we have researched it very carefully Jamie has been a crucial part of our turnaround, I dont think anyone else could have done it (Evening Standard, 2002) Jamie Oliver is a good example of how a celebrity endorsement can work, providing you have the correct celebrity and brand match. 4.1.5 GARY LINEKER- Walkers Before the launch of Lineker as the face of advertising for Walkers, it appeared that the product wasnt at the top of the sales ladder in its market field. The endorsement of the star has been one of the most successful moves Walkers could have made. This type of celebrity endorsed advertising has sought to preserve the emotional bond between product and consumer, as a consumer we believe that the product must be good if celebrities are advertising for them. Figure 4 shows the transformation of Walkers sales since introducing Lineker to the brand. 1996 saw a significant rise in sales after Lineker appeared in the adverts. What is evident is the continuous rise in sales since Lineker joined. At the end of 2004 it was apparent that Walkers had over half of the market share of crisp sales. A spokesman for Walkers mentioned that after two years with Lineker as the face of Walkers Crisps it has helped to sell enough crisps to cover the whole of Holland (Greedystar, 2003) Figure 5 shows the sales that Walkers had in 2002/03. They had a great success, earning more than  £30m worth of sales, Persil were second. What is also obvious is that there are no other crisp brands on the table, clearly outlining the fact that Walkers holds most of the market share for crisp brands in the UK. Since the introduction of Lineker, who has appeared in over 100 adverts, many other celebrities have joined him in advertisements as well, such as The Spice Girls, Charlotte Church, Paul Gascoigne and Girls Aloud. Walkers created a famous campaign that saw Linekers favourite flavour rebranded to Salt n Lineker. This was an advertising ploy that would help the sales increase for a certain flavour. This was a good way to create brand awareness as well as to incorporate the character of the celebrity in the products advertisement. Since the introduction of the campaign, sales had risen from 14.5% to 17.8%. Average sales in grocery stores over the first 12 months of the campaign were 23% up on the previous year (Marketing, 2005) Whats interesting to see with this campaign is that, unlike Jamie Oliver, who has a link with Sainsburys, Lineker has no real link with Walkers Crisps, What they successfully did was to incorporate Lineker within the product, so their advertising had the tag line of No More Mr Nice Guy. Whats also interesting, as Martin mentions, is that young people are a target for snacks.. Which makes football a sensible choice- Regardless of Mr. Linekers nice guy image (Martin,1996:43) 4.1.6 SUMMARY McCracken (1989) believes that providing meanings is a good way to portray a good image with the use of celebrities in advertising campaigns. In relation to this theory it would appear that most of the case studies above have shown evidence of this, Jamie Oliver is an obvious candidate for Sainsburys as he is a chef, therefore the meanings that were portrayed in the advertising proved to be successful and relate to what McCracken believes. The evidence above shows that a celebritys popularity within the media affects the sales of a product, whether in a good or a bad way, Rimmels decision to continue using Moss was a good example of how media attention can be an advantage. The attractiveness and similarity that they portray within the advert by using Moss was apparent to the audience. As Kamins suggests (outlined in the literature review), a celebrity fronting a campaign can lead to the consumer being attracted to the product. QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS 4.2.1 INTRODUCTION The following charts will outline the results of the questionnaires that were conducted to find the consumers opinions of celebrity endorsement advertising. Overall 70 respondents completed the questionnaires, half Female and half Male. In order to gain a fair set of results it was important for the respondents to be a variety of different ages. The results were inputted onto a database giving opportunities for different reports to be created. These results will form an argument that will seek to discern whether the consumers response to celebrity endorsement advertising is the same as that of the practitioners. The results from the questionnaire are a sample as this is a small research project, whilst it is indicative; it is not big enough to show a definite answer. 4.2.2 THE INFLUENCE OF ADVERTISING It is important to find out whether consumers are influenced by advertising, this will show evidence of how much of the population are influenced by advertisements, which will then allow us to see what population that are influenced by advertising are also influenced by celebrity endorsed advertising. Figures 6 shows evidence that a majority of respondents purchasing decisions are influenced by advertising. However, Figure 7 shows that not as many people are influenced by celebrity endorsed advertising. This chart is interesting as it shows a slight contradiction; not many respondents have brought a product because a celebrity is in the advertisement. However, a majority of them believe that using celebrities in advertising is successful. It would appear that many of the respondents believe that a celebrity brings awareness to a product, but the consumer doesnt necessarily buy a product because a celebrity uses it. One respondent wrote this statement about how they are not influenced by celebrity endorsed advertising. I think that most adverts have celebrities in them but I wouldnt buy a product just because I like the celebrity, probably more to do with the product However, this respondent, when answering yes to the question, do you think that using celebrities in advertising is successful, stated this; Because you feel a sense of admiration for some of them, and if they are using certain beauty products that make them look so good, then people will want to use them too. In relation to Erdogans theory in the literature review, a disadvantage of using celebrity endorsements is if they over-shadow the brand, however and advantage of using celebritys is increased recognition of the product. These are results from the questions that were asked to the respondents to find out whether they knew what the celebritys names were. It was interesting to see that only one respondent incorrectly answered Tiger Woods name. Kate Moss was the next recognisable celebrity with only 6 people who answered incorrectly. John Terry and Kerry Katona each had 8 people incorrectly answer their names. However, it was interesting to see that 4 people didnt know John Terrys name, but recognised him as a football player. 4.2.3 WHAT RESPONDENTS REMEMBER MOST ABOUT ENDORSED ADVERTISING The next set of charts will show whether the respondents know certain celebritys and what they remember about them. This is important to discover whether they remember positive or negative attributes about the celebritys in order to gain a varied set of results; there were no multiple choice options available. These charts will analyse what consumers think of the adverts that are celebrity endorsed, giving a chance to see whether they remember more about the celebrity or the product that was being advertised. 4.2.3.1 KATE MOSS Overall, most respondents remember Kate Moss for her profession (Modelling). However, it is interesting to see that 21 respondents also mentioned that they remember her for taking drugs. Rimmel, a product that she endorses, was the third most popular thing remembered about her. When asked if the respondents knew of any adverts that Kate Moss had starred in, 51 of them said Rimmel Figure 11 shows what they remember most about the advertising campaigns. Please note, these results are not just for Rimmel. A majority of the respondents remember the tagline of the product, Get the London Look. Whats more interesting to see is that the respondents remember Kate for being in an advert, but cannot remember the name of the product being advertised. 4.2.3.2 JOHN TERRY Figure 12 shows what the respondents thought John Terry was most famous for. It would appear that due to his recent media attention after an alleged affair, many of the respondents recognised him for sleeping around. There were 3 respondents who didnt recognise him at all. A majority of respondents did not know of any adverts that John Terry had starred in. Samsung was the most popular brand that was listed. The next page outlines what they remembered most from the adverts he appeared in. Not all respondents wrote an answer for this question as they could not remember the advert. Figure 13 clearly outlines that many respondents remember the advert because it was football related, whats interesting to see is that they also remember it more because other celebritys also appeared in it. 4.2.3.3 KERRY KATONA These results show that most of the respondents remember Kerry Katona for her singing career; the second most popular thing that people remember about her is her reported drug taking. Unlike previous celebritys, respondents had more to say about Katona, whether this is due to negative media attention in the past or the fact that she is famous for more than one thing. Figure 15 shows that the main reason people remember the advert is because of how annoying it was. Whether this was because they thought Katona was annoying, or that the advert itself was. Whats also interesting is that many respondents also remember her starring alongside other celebritys in the advert. 4.2.3.4 TIGER WOODS All respondents knew what Tiger Woods is famous for. What was interesting is that, similar to John Terry, over half of the respondents had put down that he is also famous for sleeping around. Figure 17 shows what respondents remember most about the adverts that Woods starred in. The most remembered attribute was the tagline of the product that he endorses The best a man can get. This suggests that unlike Terry, they remember more about the product then the celebrity promoting it. 4.2.4 PURCHASING DECISIONS In terms of whether consumers are influenced by celebrity endorsement advertising, relationships between celebrity and product is important, A respondent wrote this statement when the question: What relationship do you think using a celebritys name to sell a product has on sales? Was asked. I think it probably has a positive effect on sales as consumers build relationships with celebrities, see them as role models and idolise them. If a celebrity such as Cheryl Cole promotes a product which she uses herself, as she is known for being a style icon to many, then this will encourage consumers to buy it in the hope of looking like her. (Age bracket14-25) However, a respondent who is in a different age category has a similar opinion; Possibly the younger generation may be more inclined to buy products endorsed by a celebrity because they tend to look up to models or sports stars etc. I dont really take much notice of who is wearing/using what. (Age bracket 36-50) 4.2.5 SUMMARY The questionnaire results are interesting, as many consumers are aware that companies are using celebritys for advertising, many of the respondents have never purchased a product because of a celebrity being in the advertising, yet they still believe that celebritys are successful within advertising. What they did notice was that many companies are using celebrities as brand recognition, a way of appealing to the public. This research has shown that many consumers remember negative attributes about celebritys, rather than remembering what positive things they have achieved, which indicates that consumers are more inclined to be effected by negative characteristics of a celebrity as opposed to the positive things. This research has also proven that younger consumers are influenced more by celebrity culture; they are more inclined to know what outfit Cheryl Cole has been seen in and how to do their hair like hers. This is why more companies are using these types of celebritys within th eir advertising campaigns, to attract the niche market of consumers who are susceptible to that type of advertising. EXPERT OPINION This section of the data analysis will look at the experts opinions. Three interviews were conducted, as well as a recording of a debate on celebrity culture that the author attended. The respondents were interviewed about two different strategies of using celebrities as well as the advantages and disadvantages of using celebrities. These results will build up an argument to see whether the practitioners have similar views of celebrity endorsements as that of the consumers. 4.3.1 INTRODUCTION Using a celebrity in an advertising campaign can be quite a risquà © decision. It would appear that many advertisers get it wrong in the selection process. Ogilvy has written that Celebrities get high recall scores, but I have stopped using them because readers remember the celebrity and forget the product they assume that the celebrity has been bought, which is usually the case (Ogilvy, 1983: pg, 83). 4.3.2 WHY ARE CELEBRITYS USED IN ADVERTISING? Many consumers are aware that the celebrity does not really use the product they advertise, instead they have been bought as the face of the campaign. If this is true, why do advertisers continue to use celebrities in their campaigns? Alan Jarvie, Director of London Advertising, believes that using a celebrity: Gives you some recognition, it gives you some memorability, as long as the personality doesnt overshadow the product. Sometimes you get campaigns where the only thing that you remember is the celebrity, and you cant remember what the product is, we always make sure that the celebrity plays second fiddle to the product that were advertising. (Alan Jarvie, London Advetising- Appendix 5) Jarvie believes that provided that the celebrity does not overshadow the product, then a campaign can be successful since the personality can be an attraction for the product. From previous research, if a celebrity is receiving bad publicity in the media, then the product and brand does suffer. However, Jarvie believes that many products can use the celebrity to their advantage. For example, many marketers have ended their contracts with footballer John Terry due to his recent negative media attention. However, Jarvie believes that some marketers could use this as an advantage in their marketing ploy; I think it all depends on what the product is, I think if your product is all about being, you know good and clean and righteous then obviously that would be a problem, but if youre product is just about being a normal bloke or somebody that makes mistakes, or somebody whos every man, then I dont think that it should hurt them at all. (Alan Jarvie, Giraffe Advertising- Appendix 6) Jim Shannon, Creative Director for Giraffe Advertising, believes that a brand would suffer if a celebrity were to receive negative media attention, If the individual behaves in a way that detracts from the brand (even outside promotional activities), the brand suffers  (Jim Shannon- Appendix 6) However, Jim Shannon does go on to say that marketers could use the media publicity as an advantage Only in a knowing way (i.e., in the promotion of products that might tacitly endorse his/her behaviour). Noreen Jenney, Director of Celebrity Endorsements, believes that marketers should be careful about who they select for their advertising campaigns. Advertisers need to be very careful to do their due diligence when hiring a celebrity.   When a star gets bad publicity, it reflects on the advertisers product and company.  (Noreen Jenney, Appendix 7) Trevor Beattie had an interesting point when he mentioned in a celebrity debate that Gillettes advertising has not influenced his purchasing decisions; I think Gillette has produced probably the worst advertising a man can get and the worst advertising on television, and I use Gillette products at least twice a day. Im not put off by their totally shit advertising and I find that a bit strange. As much as I want to be put off by their advertising, Im not, so I blank it out. Their distribution is brilliant and their product is extremely good. Their advertising sucks. So there is a strange triangle going on, and for all their money and all the worthiness, they then go and hire the three people who they feel are the worthiest celebrities in the world, people who are stars actually, who are very good at their chosen sport. (Trevor Beattie, Appendix 8) Beattie also mentioned how using endorsements can be successful; I think you can get it wrong, if you get it right, like they did with Gary Lineker and, for all his failings, he is a brilliant spokesperson for the brand and he took Walkers from nothing to a major brand and hes earned his money, I think, and hes done a brilliant job. Jamie Oliver, dont like the bloke, think hes a git, but, hes done a brilliant job for Sainsburys, really has, so therefore theyve got it right, it is a gamble. (Trevor Beattie Appendix 8) 4.3.3 HOW DO EXPERTS SELECT CELEBRITYS USING THEORIES? Is it a gamble, or do advertisers believe there is strategy to creating a perfect match between celebrity and product? Bergstrom Skafstad (2004) in their case study of Celebrity Endorsement asked the experts what type of theories they would employ when selecting a celebrity in advertising. I have employed this same technique within this case study to see whether the results from different experts are they same, or whether they have their own opnions on what they believe is a good way of selecting celebrities for endorsement advertising. What will be taken into consideration is the difference between different celebrities for different campaigns. The research approach will be analysed against Shimps TEARS model from the literature review, the Experts were asked what order they believe is the right way of choosing a celebrity for an advert. All practitioners stated that they could not give an accurate decision as it depends on which product they are advertising. The charts below outline what they believe is correct for a general advertising campaign. Its interesting to see that Trustworthiness ranked the highest in making a decision when selecting a celebrity in adverts. Both Shannon and Jenney believed that Expertise was the second aspect that is important when selecting a personality. Jarvie, however, ranked that last in his selection. What is interesting to see is that although McCracken believes in his theory that there needs to be a meaning behind the endorsement, some sort of connection between celebrity and brand, this evidence has show that most of the experts believe that Similarity is not as important in the selection process as the Trustworthiness of the celebrity. 4.3.4 SUMMARY The result from the expert research shows that using a celebrity in advertising is successful providing it works and the celebrity doesnt over shadow the product. Trustworthiness plays an important part in the selection of the celebrity which was interesting, Similarity between the brand and product was not a necessity when approaching a celebrity for the advertising. It is interesting to see that marketers do not really have a specific way of choosing celebrity endorsements; they do not run by any theory, its more about whether the celebrity is right for the brand and vice versa.